Experts
of Intel already built up the 32nd nanometer «The bridge in the future»
which at the beginning of January appeared in all the beauty. New
architecture
of the Intel processor waited since the beginning of 2007 when on slides of the company there was a mention of the following generation
of the new processor with the working name Gesher, it is translated as "Bridge" from Hebrew.
In a consequence the name
of the processor changed to
SANDY BRIDGE ("Pesochny Bridge"), and to final release it remained to the same. Issue in 2011 of family
of the Intel processors executed
on 32-nanometer technical process if won't cause revolution, will
precisely bring essential changes in the market of personal computers.
Let's consider closer that prepared Intel.
The new
chipset of the processor represents
the tetracyclic 64-bit
processor
with own controler of memory to DDR3 integrated by a graphic kernel and
changeable sequence of execution of teams. Also it is necessary to note
the new ring tire Ring Interconnect, support of two data flows on a
kernel in the Hyper-Threading mode and execution at once four teams for a
step. To put such
Intel processor it will be possible only on the new motherboard based on
a chipset of Intel 6 Series, LGA 1155 topped with a socket. Short of Intel Atom,
SANDY BRIDGE is the first microarchitecture, in which GPU and CPU are integrated on one general crystal. At the expense of such decision
the processor
and the video chip divide the general cache which has been also
integrated into the chip that increases overall performance of all
system as a whole.
Designation of Intel processors
In markings and designations of Intel didn't begin to invent something new.
Sandy Bridge officially
is considered the second generation of CPU of architecture of Core, so,
habitual division of processors into groups i3, i5, i7 remains, and
before figures of number of model there will be a two designating just
accessory of a stone to the second generation.
Besides, by old tradition in the Intel company decided to give to
some processors an index standing after the name of model. Some consider
that such division confuses the buyer though anything difficult
actually isn't present. Now it is known about three indexes: To, S and
T.
The greatest interest is caused by stones with K.Im's index ardent
pieces of silicon with the unblocked multiplier will be designated.
Already now it is known that some engineering samples were dispersed to 5
GHz «on air»! Undoubtedly, since the moment of emergence in the market
these processors will please to gamers and overkloker.
It is expected that at all capacity and
will cost such Intel processors is
slightly higher than the usual. It is necessary to note also that else
in 2008 the AMD company presented Black Edition series processors with
the multiplier unblocked on increase, and continues to let out them and
until now. Such step with approval was met by fans of dispersal, however
the present possibility, as a rule, isn't necessary to ordinary users.
The index of S will be received by TsPU with the lowered frequencies
and a thermal emission. They will come in handy in the multimedia
centers, NTRS, desktop systems and powerful laptops. At sufficient
productivity such stone doesn't demand a powerful cooler and is very
economic.
Letter T will designate the most economic models by which, most
likely, will be equipped неттопы, laptops, netbooks and other portable
devices from which it is not required solutions of complex challenges
and which time of independent work and economy of resources play far not
the last role. Some models remained without an index at all: according
to preliminary data, it is ordinary processors with the blocked
multiplier which, nevertheless, without problems will consult with all
assigned to them corporate or daily tasks.
Held down by one chain
So it was moved that with each generation
of Intel processors and not only she, tries to contain in a crystal more and more functional modules which settled down out of
the processor - on the motherboard or in
a chipset
earlier. No wonder that at such configuration also requirements to
capacity of intercomponental tires of data transmission repeatedly
increased. Until recently it was possible to manage tires with cross
topology - it was quite enough for Arrandale and Clarkdale chips at
which
the graphic processor was introduced in architecture of a crystal. In a case with
SANDY BRIDGE
developers decided to refuse already out-of-date decision in favor of
ring topology of the 256-bit componental tire which is executed on the
basis of the modifed version of the Quick Path Interconnect (QPI)
technology. To this QPI it was realized in architecture of server Heon
7500. In a novelty the ring tire provides data exchange between the main
components of a crystal: four processor kernels, L3 cache, system agent
and graphic kernel. It is possible to present the tire as four 32-byte
rings: tire of data, tire of inquiries, tire of confirmation and tire of
monitoring of a condition. The communications protocol of the
distributed arbitration operates tires, processing of inquiries thus
occurs on clock frequency
of kernels of the processor. The
topology of the tire allows to transfer data with speed of 96 Gbytes /
with to connection at frequency of 3 GHz. Actually these figures four
times exceed indicators
of Intel processors of the previous generation.
Memory at the last boundary
Let's address to the cache of L3 mentioned above which on the slides
found in the Network from Intel is designated as LLC - Last Level Cache,
or «a cache of the last level». Thanks to the ring tire it is
distributed not only between
processor kernels, but also
between a graphic kernel and the system agent into which developers
integrated the block of a video output and the module of hardware
acceleration of graphics. Between
kernels of the processor
and graphics the special route-making mechanism is engaged in
anticipation of the conflicts of access. Each of four kernels, in turn,
in
the new Intel processor got direct access to a
"personal" segment of the cache, thus each segment provides a half of
width of the tire for access from the general ring tire of data.
Besides, each segment is allocated with the independent controler of
access to the tire which is responsible for processing of inquiries on
placement of physical addresses. Also this controler constantly
exchanges data with the system agent, revealing unsuccessful appeals to
L3 cache, fixing nekeshiruyemy addresses and supervising
intercomponental data exchange.
System agent
The system agent in Intel call everything that doesn't treat a
kernel: graphics, memory controler, cache, both other, and other... In a
new
chipset of Intel it is possible to call it elements of the northern bridge which with a view of acceleration in new architecture removed from
a chipset
to a stone. The controler of memory of DDR3, the PCIE 2.0 controler,
the module of management got to System Agent a food, the video output
block etc. The agent is reported with other elements of system by means
of the same ring tire. It is necessary to note especially that the
memory controler () works at a crystal in a two-channel mode. It,
undoubtedly, will afflict owners of sets of a three-channel operativka
who had to leave the considerable sums of cash. The supply voltage
controler in the system agent provides dynamic change of tension and
clock frequencies
of kernels of the processor, GPU,
interfaces and the memory controler, and management of a food and
frequency occurs independently for the block of graphics and processor
kernels. Especially it is necessary to note the Turbo Boost technology
thanks to which both GPU, and CPU can work at the increased frequencies,
with excess of declared TDP, but without any consequences for system.
On responses of the guests who were present on closed demonstration
of a chipset of Intel
at far San Francisco, the gain of productivity can reach fantastic
levels. Thus, already now it is possible to say that when using system
of cooling of sufficient capacity it is possible to turn future computer
on the basis of a described stone into the superproductive monster.
Absolutely precisely it is known that the coolers calculated on cooling
of Intel processors in
конструктиве by LGA 1156 (Socket H), will rise without any completions
on new (Socket H2) on LGA 1155, as geometry of openings at them
identical.
Also engineers took care and about power system effectiveness - it is possible to transfer each
kernel of the processor
if necessary to a mode of the minimum power consumption, the same is
provided and for graphics. The ring tire and a cache, of course, to
"calm" it will not turn out, but for the first «waiting mode» during the
idle time moments is provided, and the technology of shutdown of not
used transistors is applied to a cache of L3 already familiar to us on
last architecture of Intel.
At last it is necessary to tell about modules of multimedia hardware
decoding and a video output. In considered architecture the productive
and economic module is applied to processing of multimedia streams, and
possibilities of a graphic kernel will be involved only at resursoyemky
processes of processing of video data. Thanks to all these innovations
and counters the hardware module of decoding
of SANDY BRIDGE without effort will cope with pair of video streams independent from each other in Full HD permission.
Video with big advantage
Now we will consider shortly graphic
system SANDY BRIDGE. The
new graphics, according to representatives of Intel, first of all is
intended for desktop computers and various portable devices. Considering
the announced "clever" scheme of power consumption, it would be
desirable to be put on that we will see these
new processors and in tablet personal computers which in a large number will appear in the market in the near future.
Typical tasks for similar systems are first of all surfing in
Networks, online video and music viewing, communication in social
networks and by means of various messengers, work with documents,
viewing of DVD and already become habitual Blu - ray - a content, start
browser and DirectX of 10.1 games. Thus, Intel doesn't aspire to compete
to competitors in the market of high-efficiency
graphic chips
for videocards where rules ball the 11th version of DirectX libraries
and where integrated GPU doesn't need while to be put. However on
already mastered field of the three-dimensional graphics built in
the processor
the company is ready to show very and very impressing result. In
graphic system there is a lot of innovations, all of them also are aimed
at increase in productivity at work with 3D-applications.
It is necessary to pay attention to one curious fact also: with the
built-in graphics which resursoyemky appendices didn't interest,
possibilities
of processors of architecture of Clarkdale quite
sufficed to the majority of owners of desktop and mobile personal
computers, however experts from Intel didn't begin to waste time on
trifles and in a new
chipset of Intel increased capacity of integrated video already twice. The built-in graphic
processor
as it was specified earlier, was comfortably arranged together with
other components on one crystal, unlike the previous generation of
graphics where GPU together with henchmen "expelled" on the separate
45-nanometer chip which was connected to the main 32-nanometer stone
according to the previous version of the QPI technology. In addition,
unlike Clarkdale where for management of productivity and a temperature
mode the softovy driver which has been rigidly adhered to the general
system parameters answered, in
SANDY BRIDGE other picture
is observed absolutely. Various modes 3D in this microarchitecture cope
the system agent at hardware level. It allows to change parameters of
supply voltage, frequencies, power consumption and productivity in wider
limits isn't less effective, than to make the same operations with
processor kernels.
Being based on such ample opportunities of management of the video
chip, Intel promises to introduce the Turbo Boost technology in
stationary and mobile devices.
DirectX, trigonometry and logarithms
Unlike the previous generation built in
Sandy Bridge GPU supports
DirectX 10.1 possibilities though developers did the main emphasis on
the maximum use of hardware possibilities, first of all for processing
of media and data and обсчета 3D-functions. This approach cardinally
differs, for example, from solutions of NVIDIA where completely
programmed hardware model is taken advantage. In
the new chip the
withdrawal from programmed flexibility is reasonable by benefit in the
form of more high efficiency against economy of the power consumption,
the simplified model of programming of drivers and that isn't less
important, reduction of the physical sizes of the module of graphics.
Also developers of microarchitecture increased the sizes of the register
file for executive blocks that allowed to reach effective
implementation of complex sheyder. Besides, in executive blocks
branching for the best rasparallelivaniye of executed teams is
optimized. According to Intel statements, new blocks possess the doubled
capacity at the expense of what productivity of calculations with
transcendental numbers - natural logarithms, the trigonometry - will
jump up to 20 times!
Effective power consumption of the processor
Providing correct "diet" in the future architecture is assigned to
System Agent. By means of the Turbo Boost technology power consumption
of all four
kernels of the processor and graphics is optimized,
the rational scenario of loading of processor kernels and a graphic
kernel is applied to each task. On IDF 2010 engineers of Intel
emphasized that they managed to reduce considerably appetites
of the new processor
and to increase efficiency of functioning of Turbo Boost at the expense
of what stone power consumption in a mode, for example, background
reproduction of a HD content - decreases twice.
SANDY BRIDGE sales plans
To us promise active sales
of SANDY BRIDGE after Christmas holidays. The first in the market will appear two - and
tetracyclic processors
of new architecture. Of preliminary information on them it is already
full on the Internet and in order that the new thing didn't stand idle,
Intel is going to allow sales of motherboards with new sets of logic of
Intel 6 Series at the same time from the beginning of realization
of processors.
It is expected that fresh decisions from Intel will increase demand in
sector of the house media centers growing now and entertaining systems,
the benefit the integrated video of this architecture without effort
supports reproduction even a "heavy" HD content, characteristic for
Blu-ray of disks. From here it is easy to draw a conclusion that along
with ordinary motherboards of the ATX/microATX format on sale sooner or
later will appear a set of compact systems mini-ITX as the low thermal
emission of processors as well as possible promotes it. At Core i5
2400Т, for example, declared TDP in face value of only 35 W.
Rough schedule of an exit of Intel processors and their range:
|
Processor
|
Number of kernels/streams
|
Frequency of kernels, GHz;
face value/Turbo Boost
|
Cache of L3, Mbayt
|
Frequency of video of a kernel, GHz;
face value/Turbo Boost
|
TDP, W
|
Exit date
|
Core i7-2600K
|
4/8
|
3,4/3,8
|
8
|
850/1350
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i7-2600
|
4/8
|
3,4/3,8
|
8
|
850/1350
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i7-2600S
|
4/8
|
2,8/3,8
|
8
|
850/1100
|
65
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2500K
|
4/4
|
3,3/3,7
|
6
|
850/1100
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2500
|
4/4
|
3,3/3,7
|
6
|
850/1100
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2500S
|
4/4
|
2,7/3,7
|
6
|
850/1100
|
65
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2500T
|
4/4
|
2,3/3,3
|
6
|
650/1250
|
45
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2400
|
4/4
|
3,1/3,4
|
6
|
850/1100
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2400S
|
4/4
|
2,5/3,3
|
6
|
850/1100
|
65
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i5-2300
|
4/4
|
2,8/3,1
|
6
|
850/1100
|
95
|
09.01.2011
|
Core i3-2390T
|
2/4
|
2,7/3,5
|
3
|
650/1100
|
35
|
20.02.2011
|
Core i3-2120
|
2/4
|
3,3
|
3
|
850/1100
|
65
|
20.02.2011
|
Core i3-2100
|
2/4
|
3,1
|
3
|
850/1100
|
65
|
20.02.2011
|
Core i3-2100T
|
2/4
|
2,5
|
3
|
650/1100
|
35
|
20.02.2011
|
Chipsets and payments for LGA 1155
The first there will be motherboards on the basis of sets of chips Н67 supporting built in
GPU processor,
and Р67, focused only on the discrete graphic adapter. Over time the
budgetary set of logic should adjoin them Н61. He is on friendly terms
with the integrated graphics, but is cut down by number of USB 2.0 ports
and in possibilities of the organization of RAID massifs at chipset
level. Won't be in it and the SATA interface of 6 Gb/s.
In all sets of chips capacity of the tire PCIE is doubled, one which
two-forked line can transfer 1 Gbit/pages given for the speed.
Traditional BIOS with an exit of new payments will be gradually sent on
pension, giving way to EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) that in
practice will allow to support hard disks of large volume (more than 2
Tbyte) and to use any functions of the computer, for example access to
the network, without OS loading.
Further development of Intel processors
As usual, coverage of all price segments with a world gain in far
prospect. By the end of 2011 promised to prepare replacement to LGA 1366
processors - his successors will be inserted into a new socket, on
hearings, it will be LGA 2011.
The following generation
of Intel processors in 2012
declared 22-nanometer Ivy Bridge chips behind which mysterious Haswell
approaches. But, judging by experience of previous years to wait for
these miracles for certain still very long, and as a result everything
leaves absolutely in a different way and names will for certain be
replaced.
Tactile
sense — one of a modest set granted to us the nature of five feelings
with which loss the considerable part not only cognitive, but also
emotional making our judgments about world around is lost.
Unfortunately, diseases or the accidents occurring because of our congenital
desire as it is possible to learn more deeply the world or it is simple
on imprudence, can forever take away from us this important feeling.
But recently two groups of the European scientists working in parallel
over the NanoBioTact and NanoBioTouch projects, reported about successes
in creation of the first in the history of an artificial sensitive
finger.
Engineers
created technology of the color press which permission reaches
theoretically possible diffraction limit - 100 thousand points on inch.
The technology developed by authors is based on the resonance phenomenon
плазмонов in thin metal films. At the first stage
on a silicon plate by means of electron beam lithograph create
microscopic vertical cylinders. Then on them напыляют a layer of
precious metals - silver and gold, creating at top of silicon cylinders
metal nanodisks. If nanodisks on a surface of silicon have different
diameter and periodicity of an arrangement, they differently cooperate
with light falling on them.
Changing
diameter and periodicity of nanodisks, it is possible to give to
separate parts of a plate different color, without using thus some any
paints. To calculate compliance between the sizes of microscopic
cylinders and a range of reflected light, researchers created special
mathematical model which allowed to calculate necessary parameters of
lithograph on the basis of the demanded image.
Experts
from Fraungofer's (Germany) Institute developed a platform, allowing to
supervise operation of the devices connected to the home power supply
network far off by means of the smartphone or the computer with Internet
connection. The structure of system of household automation of HexaBus
created on the mySmartGrid project,
includes "clever" electric sockets with the built-in chip of a wireless
communication and the special USB module which is connecting to a
router. The platform is based on the Contiki operating system for
built-in devices and the IPv6 protocol.
The
user enters teams via the ordinary web browser or the special annex for
Android-devices then they it is sent through a router to the socket on a
wireless communication. The data link is bilateral: the system can send
to the owner of the dwelling statistics about power consumption of each
separate household appliance. Transferred information is ciphered
according to the AES-128 protocol.
The
Korean engineers created flexible batteries and on their basis
assembled the first completely bent electronic device. The device
represents lithium - the ion battery with the inorganic electrodes put
on a flexible substrate. At its manufacturing electrodes at first
form on mica, and then transfer on plastic - полидиметилсульфоксан.
Thus, the method of transfer is undemanding to a material of which
electrodes are made.
The
battery created by the Korean scientists is capable to be bent with
radius about 3 millimeters, without changing tension of a developed
electricity. In the course of test of the device it was bent by more
than 20 thousand times, but it practically in any way didn't change
indications of the voltmeter connected to the battery.
Management
on quality control of products and drugs of the USA (Food and Drug
Administration, FDA) approved application in medical practice in the
territory of the country of a so-called digital microtablet - the tiny
touch sensor which after hit to the gastroenteric highway of the person can hand over information on a state of his health on various digital devices.
Ingestion
Event Marker (IEM) in August, 2010 was resolved to use in the territory
of the European Union and is the first similar development which has
obtained permit of FDA.
The
American engineers developed the new robot which simulates movements of
a worm and is capable to move through narrow openings, is told in video
presentation of the Massachusetts technological university. Financing
of the project is conducted at the expense of Management of perspective
development (DARPA) of the Pentagon. The new robot which has received
the name Meshworm, is capable to endure explosion or strong blow on the
case. Allegedly, it will be used in investigation.
Specialists
of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Harward university and
South Korean National university in Seoul are engaged in development of
the robot worm. The created version of the robot is based on the
technical practices reached by engineers before by the project DARPA
became interested. According to experts, the form of a worm is chosen
not casually - she allows to reduce considerably the noise level, made
Meshworm.
One of the main tendencies of this year - close integration of digital television with the Internet. TVs with support of online services and appendices show qualitatively new possibilities. The modern CLEVER TV allows to work with various appendices, to play games, to send and accept video letters, to use iPhone or iPod as the DU panel.
Technologies of cloud computing promptly develop, but the leader of the license software the Microsoft company entered on this market far not in the forefront.
We got used that the operating systems of Windows family
developed by Microsoft corporation, are presented generally in desktop
computers and laptops, and also mobile devices, for example Windows Phone 7
for communicators. However in an asset of the Redmond company there are
also very specific program platforms focused on built-in systems and
employees for management of them.
The IBM company presented the SUPERCOMPUTER
of Watson which will pass baptism of fire during the American
television quiz show of Jeopardy which analog in Russia is the telecast
«Game». On Friday, January 21, the Russian office of IBM held
presentation of a new SUPERCOMPUTER of Watson which specializes on the analysis of natural human language, and is able to issue answers to very difficult questions quickly.